Rc Quad
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rc quad
Data Recovery Faq
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About the Author
Electrostatic speaker
Design and functionality
The speakers use a thin flat diaphragm usually consisting of a plastic sheet impregnated of a conducting material such as graphite sandwiched between two electrically conductive grids with a small cavity between the diaphragm and grids. For the operation of low distortion, the diaphragm must operate with a constant charge on its surface, instead of constant tension. This is accomplished by one or both of the two techniques: conductive coating of the diaphragm is chosen and applied in a manner of giving is a very high surface resistivity, and / or a large value resistor is placed in series between the EHT (Extra High Voltage or voltage) power and aperture (not shown resilience in the diagram here).
The diaphragm is usually made of a polyester film (Thickness 220 m) with exceptional mechanical properties, such as PET film. Through the conductive layer and an external power supply high voltage, the diaphragm is maintained at a DC potential of several kilovolts with respect to the networks. The grids are driven by the audio signal, front grille and rear are driven in antiphase. As a result of a uniform electrostatic field proportional to the audio signal is between two networks. This causes a force that is exerted on the loading aperture, and movement leads resulting air on both sides of it.
In virtually all electrostatic speakers, the development of the diaphragm by two grids, one on each side, because the force exerted on the membrane by a single grid will be unacceptably nonlinear, causing harmonic distortion. Use of networks on both sides cancels partly dependent voltage of non-linearity, but leaves the load (force of attraction) dependent part. The result is near complete absence of harmonic distortion. In a design More recently, the diaphragm is driven with the audio signal with the static load is in the networks (final sound).
The grates must be able to generate a uniform electric field as possible, while allowing sound to pass through, and must be perfectly flat. Suitable network construction therefore leaves perforated metal, a frame with tensioned wires, wire rods, etc.
To generate a sufficient force field, the audio signal on the grids must be of high tension. The construction is indeed an electrostatic capacitor, and the current is only necessary to charge the capacitance created by the diaphragm and the stator plates. This type Speaker is therefore a high impedance device. By contrast, a modern electrodynamic cone speaker is a low impedance device with higher current demands. As result, impedance matching is required to use a normal amp. Very often a transformer is used for this purpose. The construction of this transformer is critical, since they must provide a constant (often high) ratio of the audible frequency range and to avoid distortion. Processors is almost always specific to a particular electrostatic loudspeaker. To date, the only one built Acoustat "transformerless" electrostatic loudspeaker. In this design, the audio signal is applied directly to the stators of a tube amp high voltage without the use of a step-up transformer.
Advantage
Advantages of electrostatic speakers include extremely light weight of the diaphragm, and the exemplary frequency response (both amplitude and phase) because the principle of generation force and pressure is not as prone to resonances as in the operating principle of the common electrodynamic driver. musical transparency may be better than electrodynamic speakers because the radiating surface has a mass much smaller than most other drivers and therefore much less capable of storing energy, be released later. For example, drivers may have typical dynamic speaker moving masses of tens or hundreds of grams, while an electrostatic membrane weighs only a few milligrams, several times less than the lightest of the very electrodynamic tweeters. Concomitant air charge, often insignificant in dynamic speakers is usually tens of grams due to the large coupling surface, which contributes to the accumulation of damping of the resonance the air itself to a significant, although not complete, degree. ESD can also easily be run as full-range design, a lack of crossovers habitual and logs that may distort the color or sound.
Like most electrostatic speakers are tall and slim designs without a compound, act as a vertical line source dipole. This makes for sound quite different behavior compared to conventional room electrodynamic speakers. In general speaking, a large-panel dipole radiator is more demanding of proper physical placement within a quarter compared with a conventional box speaker, but once there, are less likely to excite ill-sounding room resonances, and direct-to-reflected sound ratio is greater than about 45 decibels. This in turn leads a more accurate reproduction of stereo recordings contain correct information stereo ambience and location. Planar (flat) drivers tend to be very directional giving them the good qualities of the image, provided that they have been carefully placed in relation to the listener and the sound reflecting surfaces in the room. curved panels have been built, so that the requirements for the placement of a little less strict, but sacrificing a bit of precision image.
Disadvantages
Disadvantages include the lack of bass response (due to phase cancellation from a lack of enclosure, and the difficult physical challenge frequency reproduction low with a vibrant film tense, with little excursion amplitude), and sensitivity to humidity levels. While no serious quantitatively, can be of better quality ("tighter" and without "boom") that electrodynamics (Cone) systems. phase cancellation may be somewhat offset by equalization e (a circuit to set aside the calls that drives the region within the audio band where the sound generated pressure drops due to the cancellation of phase). However maximum bass levels can not be increased because they are ultimately limited by maximum allowable excursion before its entry diaphragm too close to high voltage stators, which can cause arcing and burn holes through it. Recent Solutions, technically more advanced the lack of serious include the use of large curved panels (Sound Lab, MartinLogan CLS) electrostatic panels subwoofer (Audiostatic) and long-range electrostatic element allowing large excursions of the diaphragm (Audiostatic). Another trick is often practiced to intensify the low (2080 Hz) with a ratio higher than average and treble.
This relative lack of strong bass is often cured by a hybrid design using a dynamic speaker, for example, a subwoofer, to control frequencies lower the electrostatic diaphragm managing mid and high frequencies. Many consider the low frequency drive for better hybrids are transmission line woofers or horns, as they have the same qualities or less (at least in the bass) and electrostatic speakers, that is, good transient response, color box, and (ideally) flat frequency response. However, there is often a problem with the integration of a subwoofer with electrostatics. This is because most of the electrostatic are line sources, sound pressure level of which is reduced by 3 dB for each doubling of the distance. Level A cone speakers sound pressure, however, decreases by 6 dB for each doubling of distance, and it behaves as a point of origin. This can be overcome by the most elegant theoretical solution to use conventional woofer (s) in one or more open screens or push-pull arrangement, which produces a radiation pattern similar to bipolar membrane electrostatics. This is still subject to phase cancellation, but cone woofers can lead to much higher levels due to its longer route, thus equal to a response flat easier.
The directionality of electrostatics can also be a disadvantage, because it means the "sweet spot" where you can be an image good stereo ear is relatively small, limiting the number of people who can not fully enjoy the benefits of the speakers simultaneously.
Because of its tendency to attract dust, insects, conductive particles and moisture, electrostatic speaker diaphragm will gradually deteriorate and need periodic replacement. Protection measures also need to physically isolate high voltage parts from accidental contact with humans and pets. repair profitable and a catering service is available for virtually all current models and discontinued electrostatic loudspeaker.
Amateur built speakers
Electrostatic speakers to enjoy some popularity among do-it-yourself (DIY) speaker builder. This is one of the few types of speakers in which the transducers can be built from scratch by an amateur. Basic hardware DIY projects to complete ESL is available across the web. Such supplies include resistors and capacitors to match the frequency of the RC circuit, where necessary, transformers, sheets of perforated metal or plastic racks and the stator insulation, polymer film and conducting paint (for example, a liquid graphite suspension) of the membrane voltage equipment for proper tuning of simple membrane and a frame, usually timber to hold everything together. A widely read resource for enthusiasts ESL electrostatic speaker is the Design Cookbook (ISBN 978-1-882580-00-2) by notable specialists Roger Sanders ESL.
Commercial speakers
Arthur Jansz was granted U.S. patent 2,631,196 in 1953 to the first practical electrostatic loudspeaker. Developers Tri-Ergon sound-on-film theater sound system had developed a primitive design electrostatic speaker in 1919.
Among the first electrostatic complete series, and also among the most respected, was the Quad Electrostatic Loudspeaker (Quad ESL-57 ESL later) from Quad Electroacoustics, Huntingdon, England. These were a form similar to a slightly curved radiator house on the vertical axis. They were widely admired for its clarity and precision, but it can be difficult to implement while Achieving low-frequency bass output. Quad ESLs were designed by Peter Walker, founder of the company, and David Williamson. The first of the series was the ESL-57 from U.S. Patent 1,983,377 developed by Edward W. Kellogg for General Electric in 1934. It was introduced in 1955, put into commercial production in 1957 and discontinued in 1985. In 1981, introduced the Quad ESL-63 as a successor to the ESL-57. It tried to address both the deficiency in the bass reproduction of the ESL-57 and its extreme directionality at high frequencies. This latter purpose is achieved by splitting the stators in eight concentric rings, each one fed with a slight time delay compared with the ring immediately inland, which try to simulate a point source. The ESL-63 remained in production until 1999. In 1999 introduced the Quad ESL-988 and ESL 989, both now in production. Two new models, the smallest and the largest 2805 2905, have been introduced in late 2005, which return to the position tilted slightly back, original designs, but is adjustable by the user. In much of panel retention largest low-98X models and design of concentric rings of the ESL-63, present the 2x05 is heavier and more rigid construction, and various electronic and transducer refinements.
Innersound, Martin-Logan, Metrum Acoustics, Sound Systems and Sanders, creating hybrid designs with conventional subwoofers.
Final Sound Electrostatic panels built with low self independent modules as an option. Final Sound also has two separate patents for the production of electrostatic panels. They use a unit of investment audio panels, compared to conventional electrostatic speakers. The standard method is the drive to implement the high voltage bias for a coating high resistance in the inner membrane and apply the audio signal from audio transformer center hit the low resistance external stators. In the final sound design, stators are high strength and complementary, which means a high voltage bias of plus and minus supply is connected to the opposite stators. The diaphragm is then led by the audio processor. According to the White Paper only half the required proportion is necessary for the same output. This lowers the cost and size transformer and makes it easier to drive load with an amplifier.
Audiostatic,, Sound Lab building only full-range electrostatic panels. The electrostatic loudspeaker only asset is currently in production Audiostatic DCA-5.
Among the full range electrostatic speakers, which are not manufactured KLH 9, one of the first U.S. Full Range designs, though the low down rapidly below 70 Hz were several models manufactured, and the infinite Acoustat Servo Statik, and its successors, which uses a dynamic woofer at low frequencies.
Another full-range speakers is out of the Canadian production was made Dayton Wright XG-8 and the XG-10-1968 to the 1990s. They were very different in design, attaching the panels in a tray sealing, which contains sulfur hexafluoride, a gas used in high voltage devices arc suppression. This gas, even at a dilution of 50% has a breakdown voltage for the atmosphere around 2.5 times. This allowed a voltage well above the normal polarization of up to 16 kV, more than two times higher than any other electrostatically. The advantages are greater sensitivity approaching that of conventional speakers that do not require the isolation of the stator. The highest bias is not only used to increase efficiency, but mainly to produce a high output by increasing the gap between stator and driven by the diaphragm to almost 0.2 "This coupled with huge step-up transformer to voltages allowing Audio also reach 16 kV for higher production levels than any other design then and now. With an amplifier 500 W rms per channel, the levels of sound pressure equivalent to that of conventional speakers might be produced. The bass response to 40 Hz was achieved by several things. First, the lining of the diaphragm cell had a resistance higher than 1000 m per square meter, which requires load times of several days, but this increased the migration time to load a few seconds, reducing low frequency distortion. A large core transformer is not saturated at 600 W at 20 Hz Taking advantage of SF6 gas to provide additional heavier than air electrostatic charge to the cells to drive the front and rear outer membranes to be 1.6 times larger than the cells. In addition, the spread Sound is 2.3 times slower in the gas, giving the effect of a much longer road noise and thus lower the frequency the speaker cancellation caused by out of phase wave back. In addition, the inductance of the transformer is resonated with a capacitor to produce a low Q circuit at about 45 Hz to raise the response. On the previous models (xg8) had eight cells from the speakers and the latest models with 10 cells. The full range cells were not due to its width causing too heating at high frequencies and the attenuation of the front diaphragm. The high frequency driver was a Motorola piezo tweeter crossed at about 7 kHz which was replaced then a tweeter leaf Panasonic models generation later, crossed at 6 kHz. The piezo tweeter was mounted inside the box because it performs actually better off with gas in the air, but the tweeter of the leaf was mounted on the exterior of the outer membrane. Dayton Wright
Other manufacturers producing in the immersion electrostatic speakers currently include Australia and the Netherlands Solosound, Audio King, Finland Panphonics
Specialized electrostatic high-frequency drivers (ie tweeters) are still in common use by many manufacturers,
References
^ The theory of forces a thin electret electrostatic (MEMS) Speaker Jakku Eino, Tinttunen Kutilainen Taisto and Terho, procedures Helsingr IMAPS Nordic 2008 - September 1416
Fritz ^, Jeff; Mickelson, Marc (May 2004), "Factory Tour Innersound" SoundStage! (Schneider Publishing), http://www.soundstagelive.com/factorytours/innersound/, 05/16/2009 recovered
^ Http: / / history.sandiego.edu / GEN / recording / loudspeaker.html
^ Http: / / innersound.net /
^ Http: / / www.metrum-acoustics.nl/
^ Sanders Sound Systems Products
^ Http: / / www.finalsound.com/
^ Http: / / www.finalsound.nl/downloads/whitepaper2007.pdf/
^ Http: / / http://www.acoustat.co.uk/loud-speakers-about-acoustat.html/
^ Http://www.soundlab-speakers.com/
^ Http: / / www.stereophile.com/floorloudspeakers/666klh/
^ Http: / / http://www.acoustat.co.uk/loud-speakers-about-acoustat.html
^ Http://www.dayton-wright.com/
^ Http: / / www.iti-plc.com/
^ Http: / / www.solostatic.com/
^ Http: / / www.kingsaudio.com.hk/
^ Http://www.panphonics.com/
External Links
The Audio Circuit - An almost complete list of manufacturers of electrostatic loudspeakers speakers including DIY, materials and parts, and "how" sections.
Categories: Electrostatics | LoudspeakersHidden categories stubs from May 2009 | All articles lacking sources About the Author
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